Alternative Forms of Tobacco Consumption and their Relationship to Oral Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21270/archi.v11i4.5772Keywords:
Tobacco, Tobacco, Smokeless, Oral HealthAbstract
Introduction: Recently, new forms of tobacco consumption have become increasingly popular, especially among young people, such as electronic cigarettes, waterpipe smoking, and the habit of chewing tobacco, seen as merely harmless entertainment. Objective: To conduct a literature review on alternative forms of tobacco consumption and its relation to oral health. Materials and methods: A bibliographic survey was conducted, in the PubMed, CAPES Periodicals, and Scielo databases, by means of the terms "E-cigarette; Waterpipe smoking; Chewing tobacco;", selecting articles that evidenced the characteristics of these alternative forms of tobacco consumption and their oral repercussions. Results: The popularization of alternative forms of smoking among young people is mainly due to the introduction of flavors and aromas to tobacco, as well as marketing strategies and misconception regarding not being harmful. Several studies have shown the deleterious effects to health, and some other studies report the possible association with changes in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Electronic cigarettes, waterpipe smoking and the habit of chewing tobacco, are alternative forms of smoking with underestimated risk by their users, presenting several early oral repercussions, including potentially and malignant lesions. This issue should be considered a public health problem, and prevention strategies directed to young people should be implemented, as well as awareness on the part of dentists to their patients, so as to reduce the increase of this new generation of smokers.
Downloads
References
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Internet Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). [cited 2018 Sep 21]. (Reports of the Surgeon General).
World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2000–2025 (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization 2018.
Henkler F, Luch A. E-cigarettes in Europe: Does regulation swing from overcautious to careless? Arch Toxicol. 2014;88(7):1291-94.
Walsh MM, Ellison JJF, Hilton M, Chesney VL. Ernster, Spit (smokeless) tobacco use by high school baseball athletes in California, Tob Control. 2000;9:1132-39.
Grekin ER, Ayna D. Waterpipe smoking among college students in the United States: a review of the literature. J Am Coll Heal 2012;60(3):244-49.
Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R, Islam F, Jaber R, Auf R, et al. The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control. 2015;24:i3-12
Salloum RG, Osman A, Maziak W, Thrasher JF. How popular is waterpipe tobacco smoking? Findings from internet search queries. Tob Control 2015;24(5):509-13.
Lopez AA, Eissenberg T, Jaafar M, Afifi R. Now is the time to advocate for interventions designed specifically to prevent and control waterpipe tobacco smoking. Addict Behav. 2017;66:41-7.
Arshad A, Matharoo J, Arshad E, Sadhra SS, Norton WR, Jawad M. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards waterpipe tobacco smoking amongst college or university students: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):439.
Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G, Voudris V. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(2):168-74
Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Papale G, Russo C, Polosa R. The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012;6(1):63-74.
Trtchounian A, Talbot P. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: Is there a need for regulation? Tobacco Control 2011; 20(1):47-52.
Fagerström KO, Bridgman K. Tobacco harm reduction: The need for new products that can compete with cigarettes. Addict Behav. 2014;39(3):507-11.
Hartmann BJ, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9(9):CD010216.
Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;23(2) :133-39.
Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One. 2013;8(3).
Pepper JK, Emery SL, Ribisl KM, Rini CM, Brewer NT. How risky is it to use e-cigarettes? Smokers’ beliefs about their health risks from using novel and traditional tobacco products. J Behav Med. 2015;38(2):318-26.
Cavalcante TM, Szklo AS, Perez CA, Thrasher JF, Szklo M, Ouimet J, et al. Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and perception of harmfulness in Brazil: Findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements. Cad Saúde Pública. 2017;(3).
Szklo A, Perez C, Cavalcante T, Almeida L, Craig L, Kaai S, et al. Increase of electronic cigarette use and awareness in Brazil: findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements for electronic cigarette sales, import, and advertising. TID. 2018;16(1):273.
Akl EA, Gaddam S, Gunukula SK, Honeine R, Jaoude AP, Irani J. The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: A systematic review. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(3):834–57.
Szklo AS, Sampaio MMA, Fernandes EM, Almeida LM. Smoking of non-cigarette tobacco products by students in three Brazilian cities: should we be worried?. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(11):2271-75.
Morton J, Song Y, Fouad H, Awa FE, Naga ERA, Zhao L, et al. Cross-country comparison of waterpipe use: Nationally representative data from 13 low and middle-income countries from the global adult tobacco survey (GATS). Tob Control. 2014;23(5):419–27.
Szklo AS, Souza CM, Szklo M, Almeida LM. Smokers in Brazil: Who are they? Tob Control. 2016;25(5):564-70.
Bertonia N, Szklo A, Bonic R, Coutinho C, Vasconcellos M, Silvad PN, et al. Electronic cigarettes and narghile users in Brazil: Do they differ from cigarettes smokers? Addict Behav. 2019;98:106007.
Food And Drug Administration, Public Health Service, U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services. Shared risk evaluation mitigation strategy for all immediate-release transmucosal fentanyl dosage forms. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2012;26:123-26.
Aboaziza E, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: what is the evidence that it supports nicotine/tobacco dependence? Tob Control. 2015;24:144-53.
Waziry R, Jawad M, Ballout RA, Al Akel M, Akl EA. The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):32-43.
Farsalinos KE, Romagna G, Tsiapras D, Kyrzopoulos S, Voudris V. Characteristics, perceived side effects and benefits of electronic cigarette use: a worldwide survey of more than 19,000 consumers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(4):4356‐73.
Ramôa CP, Eissenberg T, Sahingur SE. Increasing popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use: Implications for oral healthcare. J Periodontal Res. 2017;52(5):813-23.
Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Majorana A. Oral mucosal lesions in electronic cigarettes consumers versus former smokers. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018;76(3):226-28.
Regezi J, Sciubba J, Jordan R. Oral pathology. 7th ed. Elsevier;2016. p. 86.
Saraswathi TR, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, Sowmva R, Narasimhan PD, Gunaseelan R. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. Indian J Dent Res. 2006;17:121-25.
Hedin CA, Pindborg JJ, Ax_ell T. Disappearance of smoker’s melanosis after reducing smoking. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:228-30.
Tatullo M, Gentile S, Paduano F, Santacroce L, Marrelli M. Crosstalk between oral and general health status in e-smokers. Medicine. 2016;95(49):e5589.
Javed F, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Malmstrom H, Rahman I, Romanos GE. Comparison of periodontal parameters and selfperceived oral symptoms among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and never-smokers. J Periodontol. 2017;88(10): 1059-65.
AlQahtani MA, Alayad AS, Alshihri A, Correa FOB, Akram Z. Clinical peri-implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e-cigarette, and waterpipe. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20(6):1016-21.
Al-Aali KA, Alrabiah M, ArRejaie AS, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Akram Z. Peri-implant parameters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta levels in vaping individuals. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20(3):410-5.
Brownson EG, Thompson CM, Goldsberry S, Chong HJ, Friedrich JB, Pham TN, et al. Explosion injuries from E‐cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(14):1400‐02.
Rogér JM, Abayon M, Elad S, Kolokythas A. Oral trauma and tooth avulsion following explosion of E‐cigarette. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(6):1181‐85.
Harrison R, Hicklin D. Electronic cigarette explosions involving the oral cavity. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(11):891‐96.
Brooks JK, Kleinman JW, Brooks JB, Reynolds MA. Electronic cigarette explosion associated with extensive intraoral injuries. Dent Traumatol. 2017;33(2):149‐52.
Al-Amad SH, Awad MA, Nimri O. Oral cancer in young Jordanians: potential association with frequency of narghile smoking. Oral surg oral med oral pathol oral radiol. 2014;118(5):560-65.
Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:309-16.
Sinha DN, Agarwal N, Gupta PC. Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and number of users in 121 countries. Br J Med Med Res. 2015;9(6):1-20.
Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, Gupta P, Straif K. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):667-75.
Figliolia S. Perfil do usúario de tabaco sem fumaça [dissertação]. Bauru: Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (USP); 2001.
Asthana S, Labani S, Kailash U, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Association of Smokeless Tobacco Use and Oral Cancer: A Systematic Global Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018;21(9):1162-71.
Muthukrishnan A, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral health consequences of smokeless tobacco use.Indian J Med Res. 2018;148(1):35-40.
Bhisey RA. Chemistry and toxicology of smokeless tobacco. Indian J Cancer 2012; 49:364-72.
Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007;89:1-592.
Arain SS, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Talpur FN, Kazi AG, Brahman KD, et al. Correlation of arsenic levels in smokeless tobacco products and biological samples of oral cancer patients and control consumers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;168:287-95.
Warnakulasuriya S, Dietrich T, Bornstein MM, Casals Peidró E, Preshaw PM, Walter C, et al. Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. Int Dent J. 2010;60:7-30.
Niaz K, Maqbool F, Khan F, Bahadar H, Hassan FI, Abdollahi M. Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral câncer. Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017009.
Thomas G, Hashibe M, Jacob BJ, Ramadas K, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, et al. Risk factors for multiple oral premalignant lesions. International J Cancer. 2003;107(2):285-91.
Kavarodi AM, Thomas M, Kannampilly J. Prevalence of oral pre-malignant lesions and its risk factors in an Indian subcontinent low income migrant group in Qatar. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:4325-9.
Warnakulasuriya S. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. Oral Dis. 2004;10(1):1-4.
